Quantifier can be a single word or a phrase and are used with nouns. They can be used with both a countable or an uncountable noun to express amount or quantity.
Common quantitiers: some, much, many, few, little, a lot, half, three.
Example:
Much time and money is spent on education, more on health service but the most is spent on national defense.
She had less time to study than I did but had better results.
Both plural countable + uncountable: how much? or how many?, no/none, not any, some(any), a lot of, plenty of, lots of.
Example:
How much money have you got?
How many cigarettes have you smoked?
A pronoun can raplace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like he, which, none, and you to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.
PERSONAL PRONOUN.
Refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender and case.
Sudjective personal pronouns: I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they.
Examples:
I'm learning a book.
You are a doctor.
Objective personal pronouns: me, you, her, him, it, us, you, and them.
Examples:
Miranda and Roberta will meet us at the newest cafe in the market.
Give the list to me.
Possessive personal pronoun: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, and theirs.
Example:
The smallest gift is mine.
Demostrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Example:
This is puny, that is the three I want.
Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, which, what, and the compounds formed with the suffix: ever, whoever, whichever and whatever.
Example:
Which wants to see the dentist first?
Relative pronouns: who, whom, that and which. the compounds whoever, whomever, and whichever
Example:
You may invite whomever you like to the party.
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun.
TYPE OF ARTICLE: article are usually characterized ad either definite or indefinite.
Definite article: indicates that it's noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener.
The definitive article in english, for both singular and plural nouns is The example:
The children know the fastest way home.
Indefinite article: indicates that it's noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to listener. English uses a/an, from the old english forms of the number 'one', as it's primary indefinite article. the form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound, and a before words that begin with a consonant sound
example:
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map
TYPE OF NOUN.
there are severals ways to classify the types of nouns that exist in the english language. in grammar, nouns are taught to be words that refer to people, places, things, or abstract ideas.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF TYPES OF NOUNS.
PROPER NOUNS: are nouns that refer to specific entities for example: Nebraska, Steve, Harvard, or White House to show their destinction from common nouns.
COMMON NOUNS: refer to general, unspecific categories of entities for example: State, University.
COUNTABLE NOUNS: to lenguists, these count nouns can occur in both single and plural forms, can be modified by numerales, and can co-occur with quantificational determiners like many, most, more, several, etc. for example: a bike, six broken bikes, several bikes etc.
UNCOuNTABLE NOUNS: conversely, some nouns are not countable and are called uncountable or mass nouns.
subtances, loquids and powders are entities that are aften signified by mass nouns such as wood, sand, water, and flour. other examples would be milk, air, furniture, freedom, rice and intelligence.
CONCRETE NOUNS: are nouns that can be touched, smelled, seen, felt or tasted. steak, table, dog, maria, salt, and wool. are all examples of concrete nouns.
ABSTRACT NOUNS: more ethereal, theoretical concepts use abstract nouns to referd to them. concepts like: freedom, love, power and redemption are all examples of abstract nouns.
PRONOUNS: are types of nouns that take the place of nouns when refering to people, place or things. the personal pronouns in english are: I. you, he, she, it and they.
GENITIVE CASE.
The genitive case is one of the 4 main cases in moder english. Whilst it has other uses ( explained below), it is predominantly the form used to indicate possession for nouns, it is usually created by adding 's to the word or by preceding it with "of".
examples:
Andrea's haircut.
the flower of the table.
there are several other ways of forming the genitive case:
SIMPLE SENTENCE: a simple sentences, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verd, and it expresses a complete thought.
for example:
Some students like to study in the morning.
Juan and arturo play football avery afternoon.
Alicia goes to the library and studies avery day.
the three sentence are all simple sentences but you note that sentence 2 contains a compound subject, and sentence 3 contains a compound verb. simple sentence contain a subject, and verd and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.
COMPOUND SENTENCE: a compuond sentences contains two independent clause joined by a coordinator. the coordinator are as follows for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. except for very short sentences, coordinator are always preceded by a comma.
for example:
I tried to speak spanish, and my friend tried to speak english.
Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
the above three sentences are compound sentences. each sentences contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma proceding it. note how the consiouns use of the coordinators can change the relationship beetwen the clauses.
COMPLEX SENTENCES: a complex sentences has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. a complex sentences always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
for example:
When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
COMPUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES: is a sentence with least two independent clause and one or more dependent clause ( also known as subordinator clause).
for example:
The dog lived in the backyard, but the cat, who knew he was superior, lived inside the house
3- ADJECTIVE: is a word to modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying or qualifying words.
for example:
mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper
The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.
many stores have already begun to play irritating christmas music.
4- VERB: is a word that in syntax conveys an action: bring, read, walk, run, lern. an accurrence: happen, become. or a state of being: be, exist, stand.
for example: i washed my clothes yesterday.
5- ADVERBS: is a part of speech that modifies verbs, an adjective and another adverb.
for example: verb: he drove slowly. adjective: he drove a very fast car. another adverb: she moved quite slowly down the aisle.
6- PREPOSITION: is the word to links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other word in a sentence.
a preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.
for example:
the cat is on the table.
She read the book during the class
7- CONJUNCTIONS: is the word to join words, phrases and clauses.
for example:
i eta the pizza and the pasta.
call the movers when you are ready
8- INTERJECTION: is a word added to a sentence to covey emotion, it is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
for example:
ouch, that hurt!
oh no, i forgot that the exam was today.
hey! put that down!
i heard one guy say to another guy, "he has a new car, eh?
i don't know about you but, good lord, i think taxes are too high!
